LESSON 4
GRAMMAR
PRESENT / FUTURE / PAST EXPECTANCY
- ����ʴ������Ҵ��ѧ㹻Ѩ�غѹ���͹Ҥ� (Present / Future Expectancy) �������ö��Modals : should / ought to + V.1
�� ���ͷ��ФҴ��ó���ҡ��ѧ�Դ���â��㹻Ѩ�غѹ
���ͨ��Դ���â���͹Ҥ�
������ҧ
Susan�s been studying hard for the exam, so she should
pass.
�٫ҹ���ѧ�֡�����ҧ˹ѡ����Ѻ����ͺ
�ѧ������͹��è��ͺ��ҹ
Fred mailed the letter yesterday. You should get it
tomorrow.
�ô���觨����µ����������ҹ����
�س��è����Ѻ�ѹ��ѹ���觹��
I ordered dinner 30 minutes ago. The waiter ought
to be bringing our food soon.
�ѹ�������ä�ӵ���� 30 �ҷշ���ҹ�� ��ԡä�èй�����âͧ����������������������
- ����ʴ������Ҵ��ѧ�ʹյ (Past Expectancy) ��� ����ö�� Modal : should have + V.3 �� ���ͷ��ФҴ��ó���Ҥ�è��Դ���â���ʹյ
������ҧ
Tom studied very hard. He should have gotten the
highest score.
������¹˹ѡ���ҧ�ҡ �Ҥ�����Ѻ��ṹ�٧����ش
Sarah left ten minutes ago. She shouldn�t have
arrived home at 2000.
������͡�������Ժ�ҷշ���ҹ��
������ö֧��ҹ�͹�ͧ����
The flight left
����ǺԹ�͡�Թ�ҧ�ҡ�������ç������ҧ �ѹ���ŧ�ʹ������������º��������
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete the sentences. Use should (not)
or should (not) have + the correct form
of the verb.
1. Ann has studied French for two years. She
_________________ (understand) a simple
conversation.
2. Helen always sends me a birthday card. My
birthday is next week. I __________________
(receive) a card from her soon.
3. Sam never goes home immediately after work on
Friday. Today is Friday and it�s after 5
o�clock. He __________________ (be) at home right now.
4. George: Will the plane land soon?
David: No, it _________________
(land) until the fog has lifted.
5. Ann: I have been studying Chinese since I was in
high school.
Liz: You _________________ (do) well on
the test tomorrow.
6. All passengers got off the bus. Rachel
__________________ (get) off too.
7. Jerry�s plane was scheduled to land at 7
o�clock. He ___________________ (call) us by now.
8. Dave left for work very early. He
____________________ (arrive) at his office by now.
9.
(write) to me.
10. Jack left for
It�s now 11:00.
He __________________ (arrive) in
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ADVERBS OF DEGREE (Modifying Adjectives or Adverbs)
- Adverbs of Degree ��� �ӡ��������ɳ���͡�ӹǹ�ҡ���� ���¡���
������ҡѹ �� very, fairly, quite, too, just,
etc.
- ���˹觢ͧ Adverbs of Degree ���ҧ����ҧ˹�Ҥ�
Adjective ���� Adverb ����ͧ��â���
¡��� �ӡ��������ɳ� enough ����ͧ�ҧ�����ѧ�� Adjective ���� Adverb ����ͧ��â���
������ҧ That car is quite old, but it still runs well.
ö¹��ѹ��鹤�͹��ҧ��� ���ѹ�ѧ������
The
show was almost over when we got there.
����ʴ���ͺ�Ш�����;ǡ���件֧�����
That
student speaks extremely fast.
�ѡ���¹����鹾ٴ�������ҧ�ҡ
Tom
talks too slowly.
�����ª���ҡ
We
aren�t working enough. We�d better hurry.
�ǡ��ҡ��ѧ�ӧҹ�����§��
�ǡ��Ҥ���պ������ǡ��ҹ��
Steve
was strong enough to move that heavy box.
ʵվ���ç��§�ͷ��Т����¡��ͧ˹ѡ��Ë�㺹��
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Complete the sentences with one of the
words below. Use each adverb only once.
awfully very extremely really too
quite fairly somewhat rather barely
enough nearly
1. Nanny is _______________ sleepy. She
can�t study now.
2. Victor plays tennis _______________ well. I have
never beaten him.
3. We were ________________ broke after our
shopping trip. I had to borrow some from
my friend.
4. Gavin was _______________ hungry after the race
so he ate a big dinner.
5. Dinner is _____________ ready. You can wait for
me in the dining room.
6. The smoke was _______________ visible.
7. The medicine was _______________ expensive.
8. Martha is 27 years old, and her husband is 25
years old. She is ______________ older than her
husband.
9. It�s 90 degrees today. I think it�s
_____________ hot.
10. Bob is _____________ sad when his dog was lost.
11. We aren�t running fast _____________. We should
hurry!
12. I think the meat is ________________ salty to
eat.
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SUFFIXES �ANCE/-ENCE (VERB
NOUN)
- The suffixes �ance / -ence ����ö�����ͷ��¤ӡ����
�������ҧ���������˹�ҷ���繤ӹ��
������ҧ
accept = acceptance annoy = annoyance appear = appearance
assist = assistance attend = attendance
converge
= convergence confide
= confidence correspond
= correspondence
differ = difference depend =
dependence exist = existence
interfere
= interference
���С�����բ��¡���
maintain = maintenance neglect = negligence rely = reliance
tolerate = tolerance observe
= observance
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Complete the sentences
by adding �ance or �ence to
the underlined words.
1. How well did you perform
on your exam?
I think my exam
________________ was quite good.
2. It�s very important to observe
the traffic laws in
The
________________ of traffic laws in
3. My report differs from yours. We have a ________________ of
report in that topic.
4. I prefer to visit
5. I depend on my husband for buying a new house. I have a
_______________ on my husband.
6. Miss Browns, a new teacher, can�t tolerate lazy students. Her
_______________ for lazy students
is not high.
7. Sherry can�t resist the loud noise. Her _______________ to the
loud noise is very low.
8. Pam always assists me with my homework. Her _______________ makes
me understand my
homework.
9. Jo helps me to maintain my bike. Our _______________ is very
good.
10. I accepted Mary�s invitation to her birthday party. My
______________ made her happy.
11. George appeared very healthy and strong after he went to a gym.
His _______________
surprised me.
12. Larry insisted on listening to a radio. His _______________ is
very boring.
13. That person tries to interfere my program. I don�t like his
_______________.
14. We need to attend the meeting. The ______________ is mandatory.
15. Jim and I have been corresponding for a long time. A mail
carrier delivers our ______________
twice
a week.
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VOCABULARY
- marksmanship (n). = the
quality of being a marksman; skill in shooting
= ������蹻׹
- marksman (n.) =
a person who is very proficient in the use of weapons
= ��·�����蹻׹
- infantry (n.) =
a branch of the army which is composed of foot soldiers
= ����ҷ����Һ
- phase (n.) =
a stage in development
= �ӴѺ���
- demonstrate (v.) =
to show
= �ҸԵ����
- accuracy (n.) =
correctness
=
�����١��ͧ�����
- aiming (n.) =
controlling direction
=
������
- target (n.) =
object aimed at
=
�������, ��һ��ʧ��
- effort (n.) =
an attempt to accomplish
= ����������
- artillery (n.) =
a branch of the army that is involved with large guns
= ������û׹�Ë�
- give out (v.) =
to emit; to distribute
= ��,
��˹��¨���ᨡ
- inspect (v.) =
to examine thoroughly
=
��Ǩ�ͺ
- level (adj.) =
horizontal; even
= ���йҺ
(n.) =
height; position
= �дѺ�����٧
- depress (v.) =
to press down
= ��
- accurate (adj.) =
correct; precise
= �١��ͧ
�����
- interfere (v.) =
to bother
=
ú�ǹ
- event (n.) =
an occurrence
=
�˵ء�ó�
- failure (n.) =
lack of success
=
�����������
- go on with = to continue
= ������ͧ
- advance (v.) =
to move ahead; make progress
= ����仢�ҧ˹�� ����˹�ҵ���
- give up =
to stop doing
=
��ش��á�з�
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select
the correct answer.
1. The enemy is coming
closer. They are
_____________.
a.
demonstrating b.
advancing c.
depressing
2. The _____________ destroyed the entire building. It collapsed under the
heavy attack.
a.
rifles b.
marksman c.
artillery
3. The typewriter key was stuck. I couldn�t ____________ it.
a.
direct b.
depress c.
go over
4. The new uniforms were _____________ to the students before they went on
a tour.
a.
given out b.
gone over c.
got off
5. When the troops saw that the enemy�s forces were winning the battle,
they ____________.
a.
gave out b.
got on with c.
gave up
6. Sean is very exact in this work. His reports are always _____________.
a.
accurate b.
level c.
immediate
7. Jim is critically injured. He needs _____________ care.
a.
intermediate b.
accurate c.
immediate
8. You had better try hard. It takes _____________ to succeed.
a.
effort b.
advance c.
expert
9. Yoko�s _____________ in English prevented her from working in
a.
event b.
failure
c. accuracy
10. Skill in _____________ is very important for all military personnel.
a.
marksmanship b.
infantry c.
phase
11. Those men are expert marksmen. They all hit the _____________.
a.
event b.
target c.
effort
12. John ______________ to us how to handle a gun.
a.
aimed b.
demonstrated c.
improved
13. We didn�t leave the classroom when the bell rang; we _____________ the
test.
a.
went on with b.
gave up c.
got out
14. I believe that Gavin can hit the ____________ with almost 100%
accuracy.
a.
aiming b.
expert c.
target
15. It took me long to check my luggage at the airport.
a.
inspect b.
advance c.
give up
16. He�s a foot soldier, but he doesn�t handle large weapons. He�s in the
_____________.
a.
artillery b.
infantry c.
marksmanship
17. The troops cannot ___________ until the area is cleared.
a.
direct b.
interfere c.
advance
18. Jenny doesn�t make many mistakes. She�s usually ___________.
a.
accurate b.
skill c.
progress
19. TV interferes with
my studying.
a.
bothers b.
correct c.
hand out
20. Susan studied hard during the first ____________ of the training.
a.
aiming b.
phase c.
advance
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ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete the sentences. Use should
(not) or should (not) have + the correct form
of the verb.
1. Ann has studied French for two years. She should
understand a simple
conversation.
2. Helen always sends me a birthday card. My
birthday is next week. I should receive a card from
her soon.
3. Sam never goes home immediately after work on
Friday. Today is Friday and it�s after 5
o�clock. He shouldn�t be at home right now.
4. George: Will the plane land soon?
David: No, it shouldn�t
land until the fog has lifted.
5. Ann: I have been studying Chinese since I was in
high school.
Liz: You should do well on the test
tomorrow.
6. All passengers got off the bus. Rachel should
have gotten off too.
7. Jerry�s plane was scheduled to land at 7
o�clock. He should have called us by now.
8. Dave left for work very early. He should have
arrived at his office by now.
9.
10. Jack left for
It�s now 11:00.
He should have arrived in
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EXERCISE 2
Direction: Complete the sentences with one of the words below. Use each
adverb only once.
awfully very extremely really too
quite fairly somewhat rather barely
enough nearly
1. Nanny is awfully / terribly
sleepy. She can�t study now.
2. Victor plays tennis rather / fairly well. I have never beaten him.
3. We were extremely broke
after our shopping trip. I had to borrow some from
my friend.
4. Gavin was really hungry
after the race so he ate a big dinner.
5. Dinner is nearly ready. You can wait for me in the dining room.
6. The smoke was barely
visible.
7. The medicine was quite
expensive.
8. Martha is 27 years old, and
her husband is 25 years old. She is somewhat older than
her husband.
9. It�s 90 degrees today. I think
it�s fairly/rather hot.
10. Bob is terribly / awfully sad when his dog was lost.
11. We aren�t running fast
enough. We should hurry!
12. I think the meat is too
salty to eat.
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VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select the correct answer.
1. The enemy is coming closer. They are _____________.
a.
demonstrating b.
advancing c.
depressing
2. The _____________ destroyed the entire building. It collapsed under the
heavy attack.
a.
rifles b.
marksman c.
artillery
3. The typewriter key was stuck. I couldn�t ____________ it.
a.
direct b.
depress c.
go over
4. The new uniforms were _____________ to the students before they went on
a tour.
a.
given out b.
gone over c.
got off
5. When the troops saw that the enemy�s forces were winning the battle,
they ____________.
a.
gave out b.
got on with c.
gave up
6. Sean is very exact in this work. His reports are always _____________.
a.
accurate b.
level c.
immediate
7. Jim is critically injured. He needs _____________ care.
a.
intermediate b.
accurate c.
immediate
8. You had better try hard. It takes _____________ to succeed.
a.
effort b.
advance c.
expert
9. Yoko�s _____________ in English prevented her from working in
a.
event b.
failure
c. accuracy
10. Skill in _____________ is very important for all military personnel.
a.
marksmanship b.
infantry c.
phase
11. Those men are expert marksmen. They all hit the _____________.
a.
event b.
target c.
effort
12. John ______________ to us how to handle a gun.
a.
aimed b.
demonstrated c.
improved
13. We didn�t leave the classroom when the bell rang; we _____________ the
test.
a.
went on with b.
gave up c.
got out
14. I believe that Gavin can hit the ____________ with almost 100%
accuracy.
a.
aiming b.
expert c.
target
15. It took me long to check my luggage at the airport.
a.
inspect b.
advance c.
give up
16. He�s a foot soldier, but he doesn�t handle large weapons. He�s in the
_____________.
a.
artillery b.
infantry c.
marksmanship
17. The troops cannot ___________ until the area is cleared.
a.
direct b.
interfere c.
advance
18. Jenny doesn�t make many mistakes. She�s usually ___________.
a.
accurate b.
skill c.
progress
19. TV interferes with my
studying.
a.
bothers b.
correct c.
hand out
20. Susan studied hard during the first ____________ of the training.
a.
aiming b.
phase c.
advance
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EXERCISE 3
Direction: Complete the sentences
by adding �ance or �ence to
the underlined words.
1. How well did you perform
on your exam?
I think my exam performance
was quite good.
2. It�s very important to observe
the traffic laws in
The observance of
traffic laws in
3. My report differs from yours. We have a difference of
report in that topic.
4. I prefer to visit
5. I depend on my husband for buying a new house. I have a dependence
on my husband.
6. Miss Browns, a new teacher, can�t tolerate lazy students. Her tolerance
for lazy students
is not high.
7. Sherry can�t resist the loud noise. Her resistance to the
loud noise is very low.
8. Pam always assists me with my homework. Her assistance
makes me understand my
homework.
9. Jo helps me to maintain my bike. Our maintenance is very
good.
10. I accepted Mary�s invitation to her birthday party. My acceptance
made her happy.
11. George appeared very healthy and strong after he went to a gym.
His appearance
surprised me.
12. Larry insisted on listening to a radio. His insistence is
very boring.
13. That person tries to interfere my program. I don�t like his interference.
14. We need to attend the meeting. The attendance is
mandatory.
15. Jim and I have been corresponding for a long time. A mail carrier
delivers our correspondence
twice
a week.
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